Cases of In-Text Citation
The theory under which the cases of in-text citations will be analyzed
is the one followed by the APA style, that is to say the American Psychological
Association (APA) Publication Manual (2010), 6th edition; which is a guide for
writing academic documents. The article to be analyzed is Narratives In Teacher
Education by Maarten Dolk* and Jaap den Hertog (2008) from which several types
of citation will be retrieved.
One of the examples of
citation found in the article by Dolk and den Hertog (2008) represents a
paraphrased citation in which the words of the author/s are paraphrased and the
name/s together with the year of the work are included. As an illustration:
Goffree and Dolk (1995) identified reflection, narration, and
construction as being particularly important for teacher education. (p.215)
Another example is block quotation. We use this kind of citation style
when the citation takes 40 or more words and there is no need to use quotation
marks. It is presented in a block separated from the paragraph and it presents
a different indentation than the one the rest of the article uses. One example
taken from the same article is:
Doyle and Carter (2003) saw narrative knowing as an
important part of teacher education. The key phrase here is that we, as human
beings, live storied lives, that we story the experiences we have. Although
several stories of any particular experience are possible, it is very difficult
to story what we have not yet experienced. Moreover, although experience does
not uniquely determine a story, all stories are constrained by the experiences
upon which they are forged. However, experience is a troublesome, if not
unruly, term in teacher education curriculum. Of course, calls for infusing
field experience into teacher preparation are pervasive, and student teaching
is often seen as the capstone of programmes, especially by students. Yet,
teacher educators are often ambivalent about experience in the preparatory
curriculum and even distrust it. There are, for example, prominent members of
the teacher education community who have written of the miseducative
consequences of field experience . . . . This distrust exists for several
legitimate reasons, but for present purposes it can be said that this
scepticism has led to an underestimation of the potency of direct experience in
the stories our students create. (p.216)
Although only two examples of
citation could be taken from the article, there exist at least three types of
citation mostly used; paraphrased and block citation as shown in this analyses,
and, direct quotation. Citing is necessary and highly important to support the
information used in a document and to avoid plagiarism.
References
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC
Dolk, M & den Hertog, J. (2008) Narratives in teacher education,
Interactive Learning Environments, 16:3, 215-229, DOI: 10.1080/10494820802113970
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